ETHIC IN SPORT

SPORTMANSHIP

Sportsmanship expresses an aspiration or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake, with proper consideration for fairness, ethics, respect, and a sense of fellowship with one's competitors. Being a "good sport" involves being a "good winner" as well as being a "good loser".

Sportsmanship typically is regarded as a component of morality in sport, composed of three related and perhaps overlapping concepts: fair play, sportsmanship, and character. Fair play refers to all participants having an equitable chance to pursue victory and acting toward others in an honest, straightforward, and a firm and dignified manner even when others do not play fairly. It includes respect for others including team members, opponents, and officials. Character refers to dispositions, values and habits that determine the way that person normally responds to desires, fears, challenges, opportunities, failures and successes and is typically seen in polite behaviors toward others such as helping an opponent up or shaking hands after a match. An individual is believed to have a “good character” when those dispositions and habits reflect core ethical values.

Sportsmanship can be conceptualized as an enduring and relatively stable characteristic or disposition such that individuals differ in the way they are generally expected to behave in sport situations. In general, sportsmanship refers to virtues such as fairness, self-control, courage and persistence and has been associated with interpersonal concepts of treating others and being treated fairly, maintaining self-control in dealing with others, and respect for both authority and opponents.

A competitor who exhibits poor sportsmanship after losing a game or contest is often called a "sore loser" (those who show poor sportsmanship after winning are typically called "bad winners"). Behavior includes blaming others, not taking responsibility for personal actions, reacting immaturely or improperly, making excuses for their loss, referring to unfavorable conditions or other petty issues. A bad winner is when the victor of a game acts in a shallow fashion such as gloating about their win or rubbing it in the face of the one who lost.

ETHIC IN SPORT

In the highly competitive sports environment we hear more and more about unethical behavior. Sport can have a huge impact on people's lives, creating unity, promoting values and products and community pride. Everyone who participates in sport, athletes, administrators, officials, coaches and supporters, should take personal responsibility for ensuring that the sport is fun and fair for all.

Morals, values and ethics are more than just sayings, rules or laws. They imply a duty or actions that you should take. But they also imply that taking these actions is "right" or "good". Not performing in that way is "wrong" or "bad".

One of the problems of upholding morals and values in sport is that the morals and values of one participant may differ from that of another. It is therefore an obligation of coaches, captains and leaders to define basic sports morals and values that they want their teams to adhere to, and then lead by example.

The most important values in sports ethics are:

o Fairness

o Integrity

o Respect

o Equity

How you feel about others also determines your moral sense. If you value others highly you will be considerate and play with compassion and moral sense. You will consider the effect your actions will have on others and the fun of the game and all it's participants, and will want to do what is right and good. On the other hand, if you feel that opponents are against you, you may lack empathy for their feelings. You will not recognise their value and worth and may not feel compassion for their welfare. Some personality types, especially the defunct, may be empathy challenged, and they may have no or limited capacity for empathy and may be more inclined to play unethically.

Fortunately, human nature is basically good and most people will not try to win the point at the expense of harming or disabling another player.

Here are some basic tenants to follow when playing ethically:

1. Glory can not be owned. You can only taste it for a while, then it is someone else's turn.

2. Appreciate the curve balls that sport sends you. Don't give up after a bad game or season. Treat all curve balls as opportunities to improve and grow.

3. Stay positive and have positive self-talk. Don't beat yourself up about every little mistake.

4. Success in sport can not ensure happiness. Too many athletes assume their success will serve as the foundation for their self-respect rather than their self-respect serving as the foundation for their success.

5. Opponents are not evil. Successful athletes don't waste time and effort attacking another or trying to prove they're better. They don't have enemies and they respect the competition. Lay down your weapons and play in peace.

Ethics in sport is important. It forms a basis for moral behavior in life and communities. You may not be able to win every time, but the way you and your team handle defeat will either gain your respect from other people or will do damage to other people.

FAIR PLAY

Fair play is defined as much more than playing with the rules. It incorporates the concepts of friendship, respect for others and always playing within the right spirit. Fair play is defined as a way of thinking, not just a way of behaving. It incorporates issues concerned with the elimination of cheating, gamesmanship, doping, violence (both physical and verbal), the sexual harassment and abuse of children, young people and women, exploitation, unequal opportunities, excessive commercialization and corruption.

Fair play is a positive concept. Sport is a social and cultural activity which, practiced fairly, enriches society and the friendship between nations. Sport is also recognized as an individual activity which, played fairly, offers the opportunity for self-knowledge, self-expression and fulfillment; personal achievement, skill acquisition and demonstration of ability; social interaction, enjoyment, good health and well-being. Sport promotes involvement and responsibility in society with its wide range of clubs and leaders working voluntarily. In addition, responsible involvement in some activities can help to promote sensitivity to the environment.

Fair play also is an essential and central part of successful promotion, development and involvement in sport. Through fair play, the individual, the sports organizations and society as a whole all win. We all have a responsibility to promote FAIR PLAY - THE WINNING WAY.

AIMS

The basic principle of the Code of Sports Ethics is that ethical considerations leading to fair play are integral, and not optional elements, of all sports activity, sports policy and management, and apply to all levels of ability and commitment, including recreational as well as competitive sport.

The Code provides a sound ethical framework to combat the pressures in modern day society, which appear to be undermining the traditional foundations of sport - foundations built on fair play and sportsmanship, and on the voluntary movement.

The primary concern and focus is Fair Play for children and young people, in the recognition that children and young people of today are the adult participants and sporting stars of tomorrow. The Code is also aimed at the institutions and adults who have a direct or indirect influence on young people's involvement and participation in sport.

The Code embraces the concepts of the right of children and young people to participate and enjoy their involvement in sport, and the responsibilities of the institutions and adults to promote fair play and to ensure that these rights are respected.

RESPONSIBILITY FOR FAIR PLAY

Involvement and participation in sport among children and young people takes place within a wider social environment. The potential benefits to society and to the individual from sport will only be maximized where fair play is moved from the peripheral position it currently occupies to centre stage. Fair play must be given the highest priority by all those who, directly or indirectly, influence and promote sporting experiences for children and young people. These include:

- Governments: at all levels, and including agencies working with Government. Those involved in formal education have a particular responsibility.

- Sports and Sports-Related Organizations including Sports Federations and Governing Bodies; Physical Education Associations, Coaching Agencies and Institutes, Medical and Pharmacological Professions and the Media. The commercial sector, including sports goods manufacturers and retailers and marketing agencies, also has a responsibility to contribute to the promotion of fair play.

- Individuals including Parents, Teachers, Coaches, Referees, Officials, Sports Leaders, Administrators, Journalists, Doctors and Pharmacists; and those role models who have achieved levels of sporting excellence and fame; those who work on a voluntary or on a professional basis. Individuals may also have responsibilities in their capacity as spectators.

Each of these institutions and individuals has a responsibility and a role to play. This Code of Sports Ethics is addressed to them. It will only be effective if all involved in sport are prepared to take on the responsibility identified in the Code.

TWO MODELS OF ETHICS IN SPORTS

1. Sportsmanship Model

To a sportsman, the way he/she plays the game is central. Sports are seen as special activities where honor is found. The goal is honorable competition in pursuit of victory.

The sportsmanship model demands a commitment to principles of integrity including compliance with the letter and spirit of the rules even when one could get away with violations.

Coaches and players who practice sportsmanship can be at a disadvantage when competing against others who practice gamesmanship.

A true sportsperson is willing to lose rather than sacrifice ethical principles to win. If you aren’t willing to lose, you may be willing to do unethical things to win.

A victory attained by cheating or other forms of unethical conduct is unearned and dishonorable. A true sports person believes that winning without honor is not a true victory. Coaches must remind themselves and their athletes that true competition means pursuing victory with honor.

The Olympic Creed: “The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just at the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well.”

Within the Olympic concept, there is no true victory unless it is achieved with honor.

2. The Gamesmanship Model

Gamesmanship sanctions ways of bending, evading and breaking the rules to provide a competitive advantage.

The only thing that really matters is winning. It’s the Officials’ Job to Catch Me: It’s only cheating if you get caught. It’s the officials’ job to enforce the rules and not our responsibility to follow them. There are no criteria for drawing a line between what’s acceptable and what’s not. Examples:

>Faked Fouls - Believe it is acceptable to fake fouls.

>Illegal Head Start - Believe it is acceptable to get an illegal head start in cross country track or leaving the line early in soccer to block a penalty kick.

>Doctoring Equipment - Believe it is acceptable to illegally “doctor” a baseball or a bat. Is raising the foul line slightly to keep bunts in play to favor a home team or altering the height of the mound or distance from the rubber to the plate in the same category?

>Surreptitious (covert) Personal Fouls - Believe it is acceptable in soccer, water polo, basketball and football to illegally hold, grab and pull on opponents.

>Physical Intimidation - Believe it is acceptable to intentionally inflict pain on opponents to intimidate them.

“Taking Out” a Player - Aggressive supporters of the gamesmanship model believe injuring an opponent or aggravating a pre-existing injury to take the opponent out of the game is legitimate.

>Espionage - Believe it is acceptable to use elaborate means such as secret filming or electronically intercepting game signals to get information from an opponent’s plans or plays. If this is acceptable, what is wrong with persuading a player from the other team to give you a copy of the play book?

Gamesmanship coaches gain advantage by violating eligibility, recruiting and practice rules just as gamesmanship athletes gain an advantage by using illegal performance-enhancing drugs and playing tactics.

BMI - Body Mass Index

WHAT IS BMI (BODY MASS INDEX)

> Body mass index (BMI) is the ratio between your height and weight. It is also known as the Quetelet index. It is a useful way to determine ideal body weight depending on a person’s height. BMI is a simple way of knowing whether or not a person is underweight, obese, or falls within the normal and acceptable weight range for a given height. Body mass indexes are useful for:

• Diet plans. If you plan to shed pounds through dieting or to build mass through a specialized diet, your ideal BMI can help you choose a diet plan for yourself.
• Exercise programs. Exercise can also help you manage your weight. The BMI is useful if you want to design an exercise plan.
• Social applications. Weight control is an important social issue. BMI is often used by health agencies to determine the overall weight of a population.

BODY MASS RANGE

BMI can be expressed either as BMI range or BMI prime. BMI range is a value of the BMI result noted in kilograms per square meter. BMI prime is a range of values that results from the ratio between the actual BMI value, and the upper limit BMI value. For most BMI charts, the upper limit is set at 25.

Results of the BMI depend on the relationship or ratio of height and weight. Over the years, many categories have been included in the BMI chart to accommodate varying degrees of obesity. There are 10 different categories in a typical BMI chart:

• Severely underweight: BMI value of 16.5 kg/m2 or less, BMI prime of less than 0.66
• Underweight: BMI value between 16.5 and 18.5, BMI prime between 0.66 and 0.74
• Normal: BMI value between 18.5 to 25, BMI prime between 0.74 to 1.00
• Overweight: BMI value between 25 to 30, BMI prime between 1.0 to 1.2
• Class I obese: BMI value between 30 to 35, BMI prime between 1.2 to 1.4
• Class II obese: BMI value between 35 to 40, BMI prime between 1.4 to 1.6
• Severely obese: BMI value between 40 to 45, BMI prime between 1.6 to 1.8
• Morbidly obese: BMI value between 45 to 50, BMI prime between 1.8 to 2.0
• Super obese: BMI value between 50 to 60, BMI prime between 2.0 to 2.4
• Hyper obese: BMI value above 60, BMI prime above 2.4

Keep in mind that BMI can only determine the ratio of your height to your weight, and does not count other factors like bone mass and muscle mass. Think of the body mass index as one of the many useful tools that you can use to lose excess weight, and keep a fit, trim, and healthy lifestyle.

CALCULATING THE BMI

Body mass index (BMI) =

weight(kg)

---

height(m)²

VIANNY S.AMORA

BT08110011

HS20_SPORT SCIENCE UMS

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH.

ACHIEVEMENT IN SPORTS (2008-2010)

KEJOHANAN MINI OLAHRAGA UMS 2008

1. 200m (gold)

2. 400m (gold)

3. 800m (gold)

LARIAN GEMILANG MERDEKA KATEGORI PELAJAR WANITA UMS 2008

-2nd place

KEJOHANAN OLAHRAGA UMS (SUKUMS) 2009

1. 200m (gold)

2. 400m (gold)

3. 800m (gold)

4. 4x100m (gold)

KEJOHANAN SUKAN MAJLIS UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA 2009 (MASUM)

1. 800m (silver)

MARATHON KEMERDEKAAN UMS 2009

-2nd place

KEJOHANAN MAHASISWA BORNEO 2009

1. 100m (bronze)

2. 200m (bronze)

3. 400m (gold)

4. 4x100m (silver)

5. 4x400m (gold)

KEJOHANAN OLAHRAGA UMS 2010

1. 100m (gold)

2. 200m (gold)

3. 400m (gold)

4. 4x100m (gold)

5. 4x400m (gold)

LARIAN KONVO (SUKAN KONVO UMS KALI KE-11 2009)

1. 4th place

KEJOHANAN OLAHARAGA UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA (MASUM)

1. 400m (bronze)

2. 800m (bronze)

KEJOHANAN RAGBI 7’S PIALA NAIB CANSELOR UMS 2008

1. Cup Champion Women Touch Rugby

-Nally Simon Kimon

-Vianny S.Amora

-Nurul Huda Omar

-Adrianne G.Gilimon

-Farah Ali

-Hartini Jannah Siamsir

-Rosjita Ganni

-Audrey Low Chia Ling

KEJOHANAN RAGBI SENTUH 5’S UMS 2010

1. CUP CHAMPION WOMEN TOUCH RUGBY

-Nally Simon Kimon

-Vianny S.Amora

-Romizah Minsin

-Nurul Huda Omar

-Adrianne G.Gilimon

BULAN BELIA & SUKAN (PROGRAM JUARA RAKYAT 2010)

1. CHAMPION WOMEN TOUCH RUGBY

-Nally Simon Kimon

-Vianny S.Amora

-Romizah Minsin

-Nurul Huda Omar

-Adrianne G.Gilimon

-Hartini Jannah Siamsir

-Aubrry Cindy Grace

-Jenny Cristie

KEJOHANAN SUKAN MASSA MAHASISWA UMS 2010

1. CHAMPION WOMEN TOUCH RUGBY

-Nally Simon Kimon

-Vianny S.Amora

-Romizah Minsin

-Nurul Huda Omar

-Ngaina Liapun

ANUGERAH OLAHRAGAWATI HARAPAN UMS 2009

(Majlis Penghargaan Sukan UMS 2009)

ANUGERAH ATLET WANITA HARAPAN KOLEJ KEDIAMAN E 2009

OLAHRAGAWATI KEJOHANAN OLAHRAGA UMS 2010

ANUGERAH EMAS KOLEJ KEDIAMAN E 2010

Touch Rugby

WHAT IS TOUCH RUGBY

Touch rugby refers to games derived from rugby football in which players do not tackle in the traditional, highly physical way, but instead touch their opponents using their hands on any part of the body, clothing, or the ball.

A formal, competitive variety, known as Touch, developed fromrugby league and now exists as a sport in its own right. In addition, touch rugby games are played as training activities for rugby league and rugby union; as safer variants of rugby, particularly in schools and junior clubs, and as an informal social sport.

FEATURES

Touch rugby has a number of differences from the traditional games, including its simplicity (requiring very little equipmnent or even goalposts), its ease of learning and the decreased likelihood of injury. As a result it is a popular social game; mixed-gender and women-only games are also very popular. Touch Rugby League is a growing competition in Brisbane, Australia.

Beach touch is also popular. Social touch games inSouth Africa (predominantly the single-touch version) are often played barefoot and as sponsored tournaments at popular seaside holiday sites.

RULE VARIATIONS

The most popular, codified form of touch rugby is derived fromrugby league and features two teams of six players. Played under the auspices of the Federation of International Touch(FIT), it is officially known as Touch, and is also called touch football, particularly inAustralia, and sometimes 'six down' or 'sixes' inSouth Africa. FIT rules have become the most common rules used both in FIT-sanctioned competitions and informal games of touch rugby. A version of the FIT rules known as one touch in South Africa features a change of possession after a single touch rather than the six in the league-derived game.

League tag is a semi-contact version of rugby league. It was used initially as a coaching aid to get players new to rugby league in Ireland used to the play-the-ball, retreating to an onside line, and upperbody tackling that stops the ball being passed in the tackle. It was formally codified in 2008 at University College Cork, it allows ball carriers to hold off defenders, and defenders to grab the ball carrier in their bid to touch the ball. Touching the ball affects a tackle

Other versions of touch rugby are not fully codified. For example, as an activity for fitness and skills training, and to reduce the risk of injury, rugby players will sometimes play touch rugby based on modified rugby rules. One common variation is that a fair touch must be below the waist, or, to encourage rucking, a small non-contact ruck may be formed when a player is "touched". The "touched" player must fall to the ground as he would if he were tackled, and then two players from the attacking team must "ruck" over him within three seconds to keep possession of the ball. A scrum-half then recovers the ball, and play continues.

Touch rugby is often played informally, rather like a pick-up socceror basketball game. In addition to tackles being replaced bytouches, the rules of both rugby codes are simplified, removing elements such as scrums, rucks, mauls, line-outs and kicks.

In the United States, touch is usually played following pre-1967 rugby league rules, minus kicking.Players being touched with two hands must place the ball down or play the ball at the spot of the "tackle," and the defensive team must retreat 5 yards or meters. There is often no tackle count, meaning that almost the only way that the defence can obtain the ball is through offensive mistakes. Whenever an offensive infraction occurs (ball into touch, knock-on, or forward pass), the defence receives a tap-kick at the spot of the infraction. Teams switch sides after each try is scored, and the team scoring the try kicks off from the half point.

Until 2003/2004 the English RFU in its junior development program called The Three Stages of the Rugby Continuum encouraged the playing ofNon-contact/touch rugby in its under-eights competition, although now promotes Mini Tag instead.

QUICK RULES OF TOUCH RUGBY

1. The rules as laid out by the F.I.T Rules will apply, unless otherwise stated below.

2. The fields are a reduced size from the international standard.

3. The attacking team must start with a tap from the middle of the field.

4. The defending team must be back 10m for the start of play, and after each touchdown.

5. After a team scores the play begins again with a tap in the middle.

6. The person who takes the role of dummy half can cross the try-line but not score.

7. If the dummy half is touched while possessing the ball it is a turnover.

ROLL BALL

8. After being touched, the player touched must roll the ball between their legs.

9. The attacking team continues play until they have had 6 touches.

10. After being touched 6 times the ball is handed over to the other side.

ROLL BALL

11. After touching the attacking player with the ball, all defending team members must retreat 5m.

12. Ball to ground: When the ball is dropped on the ground it is a turnover.

13. Turnover: When the attacking side looses the ball to the opposition.

14. No control: When the ball is thrown, dropped, knocked on, in a touch.

ROLL BALL

15. When someone is penalised their team must then retreat 10m.

16. Offside: If the defending players do not retreat they are offside.

PENALTY

17. Strong Touch: If a touch is considered to be too strong.

PENALTY

18. Forward Pass: When the ball is passed in front of the player who possessed the ball.

PENALTY

19. Touch and Pass: When the person who is touched then passes the ball.

PENALTY

20. Voluntary Rolled Ball or No Touch: When the player is not touched and rolls the ball between their legs.

PENALTY

21. More than a Meter: the ball must not be rolled more than one meter.

PENALTY

22. Shepherd or Obstruction: Obstructing a touch from the defending side.

PENALTY

23. Deviation: When a defender changes their direction before retreating straight back 5m.

PENALTY

24. Minor offences: Bickering with refs, shouldering, leg trips etc... the referee will initiate an automatic.