BMI - Body Mass Index

WHAT IS BMI (BODY MASS INDEX)

> Body mass index (BMI) is the ratio between your height and weight. It is also known as the Quetelet index. It is a useful way to determine ideal body weight depending on a person’s height. BMI is a simple way of knowing whether or not a person is underweight, obese, or falls within the normal and acceptable weight range for a given height. Body mass indexes are useful for:

• Diet plans. If you plan to shed pounds through dieting or to build mass through a specialized diet, your ideal BMI can help you choose a diet plan for yourself.
• Exercise programs. Exercise can also help you manage your weight. The BMI is useful if you want to design an exercise plan.
• Social applications. Weight control is an important social issue. BMI is often used by health agencies to determine the overall weight of a population.

BODY MASS RANGE

BMI can be expressed either as BMI range or BMI prime. BMI range is a value of the BMI result noted in kilograms per square meter. BMI prime is a range of values that results from the ratio between the actual BMI value, and the upper limit BMI value. For most BMI charts, the upper limit is set at 25.

Results of the BMI depend on the relationship or ratio of height and weight. Over the years, many categories have been included in the BMI chart to accommodate varying degrees of obesity. There are 10 different categories in a typical BMI chart:

• Severely underweight: BMI value of 16.5 kg/m2 or less, BMI prime of less than 0.66
• Underweight: BMI value between 16.5 and 18.5, BMI prime between 0.66 and 0.74
• Normal: BMI value between 18.5 to 25, BMI prime between 0.74 to 1.00
• Overweight: BMI value between 25 to 30, BMI prime between 1.0 to 1.2
• Class I obese: BMI value between 30 to 35, BMI prime between 1.2 to 1.4
• Class II obese: BMI value between 35 to 40, BMI prime between 1.4 to 1.6
• Severely obese: BMI value between 40 to 45, BMI prime between 1.6 to 1.8
• Morbidly obese: BMI value between 45 to 50, BMI prime between 1.8 to 2.0
• Super obese: BMI value between 50 to 60, BMI prime between 2.0 to 2.4
• Hyper obese: BMI value above 60, BMI prime above 2.4

Keep in mind that BMI can only determine the ratio of your height to your weight, and does not count other factors like bone mass and muscle mass. Think of the body mass index as one of the many useful tools that you can use to lose excess weight, and keep a fit, trim, and healthy lifestyle.

CALCULATING THE BMI

Body mass index (BMI) =

weight(kg)

---

height(m)²

VIANNY S.AMORA

BT08110011

HS20_SPORT SCIENCE UMS

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH.

ACHIEVEMENT IN SPORTS (2008-2010)

KEJOHANAN MINI OLAHRAGA UMS 2008

1. 200m (gold)

2. 400m (gold)

3. 800m (gold)

LARIAN GEMILANG MERDEKA KATEGORI PELAJAR WANITA UMS 2008

-2nd place

KEJOHANAN OLAHRAGA UMS (SUKUMS) 2009

1. 200m (gold)

2. 400m (gold)

3. 800m (gold)

4. 4x100m (gold)

KEJOHANAN SUKAN MAJLIS UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA 2009 (MASUM)

1. 800m (silver)

MARATHON KEMERDEKAAN UMS 2009

-2nd place

KEJOHANAN MAHASISWA BORNEO 2009

1. 100m (bronze)

2. 200m (bronze)

3. 400m (gold)

4. 4x100m (silver)

5. 4x400m (gold)

KEJOHANAN OLAHRAGA UMS 2010

1. 100m (gold)

2. 200m (gold)

3. 400m (gold)

4. 4x100m (gold)

5. 4x400m (gold)

LARIAN KONVO (SUKAN KONVO UMS KALI KE-11 2009)

1. 4th place

KEJOHANAN OLAHARAGA UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA (MASUM)

1. 400m (bronze)

2. 800m (bronze)

KEJOHANAN RAGBI 7’S PIALA NAIB CANSELOR UMS 2008

1. Cup Champion Women Touch Rugby

-Nally Simon Kimon

-Vianny S.Amora

-Nurul Huda Omar

-Adrianne G.Gilimon

-Farah Ali

-Hartini Jannah Siamsir

-Rosjita Ganni

-Audrey Low Chia Ling

KEJOHANAN RAGBI SENTUH 5’S UMS 2010

1. CUP CHAMPION WOMEN TOUCH RUGBY

-Nally Simon Kimon

-Vianny S.Amora

-Romizah Minsin

-Nurul Huda Omar

-Adrianne G.Gilimon

BULAN BELIA & SUKAN (PROGRAM JUARA RAKYAT 2010)

1. CHAMPION WOMEN TOUCH RUGBY

-Nally Simon Kimon

-Vianny S.Amora

-Romizah Minsin

-Nurul Huda Omar

-Adrianne G.Gilimon

-Hartini Jannah Siamsir

-Aubrry Cindy Grace

-Jenny Cristie

KEJOHANAN SUKAN MASSA MAHASISWA UMS 2010

1. CHAMPION WOMEN TOUCH RUGBY

-Nally Simon Kimon

-Vianny S.Amora

-Romizah Minsin

-Nurul Huda Omar

-Ngaina Liapun

ANUGERAH OLAHRAGAWATI HARAPAN UMS 2009

(Majlis Penghargaan Sukan UMS 2009)

ANUGERAH ATLET WANITA HARAPAN KOLEJ KEDIAMAN E 2009

OLAHRAGAWATI KEJOHANAN OLAHRAGA UMS 2010

ANUGERAH EMAS KOLEJ KEDIAMAN E 2010

Touch Rugby

WHAT IS TOUCH RUGBY

Touch rugby refers to games derived from rugby football in which players do not tackle in the traditional, highly physical way, but instead touch their opponents using their hands on any part of the body, clothing, or the ball.

A formal, competitive variety, known as Touch, developed fromrugby league and now exists as a sport in its own right. In addition, touch rugby games are played as training activities for rugby league and rugby union; as safer variants of rugby, particularly in schools and junior clubs, and as an informal social sport.

FEATURES

Touch rugby has a number of differences from the traditional games, including its simplicity (requiring very little equipmnent or even goalposts), its ease of learning and the decreased likelihood of injury. As a result it is a popular social game; mixed-gender and women-only games are also very popular. Touch Rugby League is a growing competition in Brisbane, Australia.

Beach touch is also popular. Social touch games inSouth Africa (predominantly the single-touch version) are often played barefoot and as sponsored tournaments at popular seaside holiday sites.

RULE VARIATIONS

The most popular, codified form of touch rugby is derived fromrugby league and features two teams of six players. Played under the auspices of the Federation of International Touch(FIT), it is officially known as Touch, and is also called touch football, particularly inAustralia, and sometimes 'six down' or 'sixes' inSouth Africa. FIT rules have become the most common rules used both in FIT-sanctioned competitions and informal games of touch rugby. A version of the FIT rules known as one touch in South Africa features a change of possession after a single touch rather than the six in the league-derived game.

League tag is a semi-contact version of rugby league. It was used initially as a coaching aid to get players new to rugby league in Ireland used to the play-the-ball, retreating to an onside line, and upperbody tackling that stops the ball being passed in the tackle. It was formally codified in 2008 at University College Cork, it allows ball carriers to hold off defenders, and defenders to grab the ball carrier in their bid to touch the ball. Touching the ball affects a tackle

Other versions of touch rugby are not fully codified. For example, as an activity for fitness and skills training, and to reduce the risk of injury, rugby players will sometimes play touch rugby based on modified rugby rules. One common variation is that a fair touch must be below the waist, or, to encourage rucking, a small non-contact ruck may be formed when a player is "touched". The "touched" player must fall to the ground as he would if he were tackled, and then two players from the attacking team must "ruck" over him within three seconds to keep possession of the ball. A scrum-half then recovers the ball, and play continues.

Touch rugby is often played informally, rather like a pick-up socceror basketball game. In addition to tackles being replaced bytouches, the rules of both rugby codes are simplified, removing elements such as scrums, rucks, mauls, line-outs and kicks.

In the United States, touch is usually played following pre-1967 rugby league rules, minus kicking.Players being touched with two hands must place the ball down or play the ball at the spot of the "tackle," and the defensive team must retreat 5 yards or meters. There is often no tackle count, meaning that almost the only way that the defence can obtain the ball is through offensive mistakes. Whenever an offensive infraction occurs (ball into touch, knock-on, or forward pass), the defence receives a tap-kick at the spot of the infraction. Teams switch sides after each try is scored, and the team scoring the try kicks off from the half point.

Until 2003/2004 the English RFU in its junior development program called The Three Stages of the Rugby Continuum encouraged the playing ofNon-contact/touch rugby in its under-eights competition, although now promotes Mini Tag instead.

QUICK RULES OF TOUCH RUGBY

1. The rules as laid out by the F.I.T Rules will apply, unless otherwise stated below.

2. The fields are a reduced size from the international standard.

3. The attacking team must start with a tap from the middle of the field.

4. The defending team must be back 10m for the start of play, and after each touchdown.

5. After a team scores the play begins again with a tap in the middle.

6. The person who takes the role of dummy half can cross the try-line but not score.

7. If the dummy half is touched while possessing the ball it is a turnover.

ROLL BALL

8. After being touched, the player touched must roll the ball between their legs.

9. The attacking team continues play until they have had 6 touches.

10. After being touched 6 times the ball is handed over to the other side.

ROLL BALL

11. After touching the attacking player with the ball, all defending team members must retreat 5m.

12. Ball to ground: When the ball is dropped on the ground it is a turnover.

13. Turnover: When the attacking side looses the ball to the opposition.

14. No control: When the ball is thrown, dropped, knocked on, in a touch.

ROLL BALL

15. When someone is penalised their team must then retreat 10m.

16. Offside: If the defending players do not retreat they are offside.

PENALTY

17. Strong Touch: If a touch is considered to be too strong.

PENALTY

18. Forward Pass: When the ball is passed in front of the player who possessed the ball.

PENALTY

19. Touch and Pass: When the person who is touched then passes the ball.

PENALTY

20. Voluntary Rolled Ball or No Touch: When the player is not touched and rolls the ball between their legs.

PENALTY

21. More than a Meter: the ball must not be rolled more than one meter.

PENALTY

22. Shepherd or Obstruction: Obstructing a touch from the defending side.

PENALTY

23. Deviation: When a defender changes their direction before retreating straight back 5m.

PENALTY

24. Minor offences: Bickering with refs, shouldering, leg trips etc... the referee will initiate an automatic.

100 metres on track & field event...

Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50–60 m. Their speed then slows progressively towards the finish line. Maintaining that top speed for as long as possible is a primary focus of training for the 100 m.100 m (one hundred metres) is the shortest outdoor sprint race distance in the sport of athletics. The reigning 100 m Olympic champion is often named "the fastest man/woman in the world". The 200 m record has often been at a faster average speed than the 100 m record.

In the past, athletes in Anglophone countries often competed over 100 yards (91.4 m) instead of 100 m, especially in the United States. This shorter distance is now obsolete. Indoor sprints are often run over 60 m (sometimes 50 m or 55 m) as few facilities have a 100 m indoor straight.

On an outdoor 400 metres running track, the 100 m is run on the home straight, the start being set on an extension to make it a straight-line race.

RECORD PERFORMANCE

Major 100 m races, such as at the Olympic Games, attract much attention, particularly when the world record is thought to be within reach.

Usain Bolt breaking the world and Olympic records at the2008 Beijing Olympics

The men's world record has been improved upon twelve times since the introduction of electronic timing in 1968. The current men's world record of 9.58 s is held by Usain Bolt of Jamaica, set at the 2009 World Athletics Championships final on 16 August 2009, breaking his own previous world record by 0.11 s. The current women's world record of 10.49 s was set byFlorence Griffith-Joyner of the USA, in Indianapolis, Indiana, on 16 July 1988.

Illegal drug use has been seen by some people as a means to gain a competitive edge; in particular, the scandal at the 1988 Summer Olympics when the winner Ben Johnson was stripped of his medal. In 2003, revelations of failed drug tests by sprinting legend Carl Lewis before the 1988 Seoul Olympics also put the validity of his achievements into question.

Jim Hines was the first man to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m, recording the first sub-10 second, electronically timed run to win the 100 metres at the 1968 Olympics.

STARTING

At the start, some athletes play psychological games such as trying to be last to the starting blocks, although direct intimidation would be considered unsportsmanlike. The starter will keep the sprinters in the set position for an unpredictable time of around two seconds and then fire the starting gun.

The time between the gun and first kick against the starting block is measured electronically, via sensors built in the gun and the blocks. A reaction time less than 0.1 s is considered a false start. The 0.1-second interval accounts for the sum of the time it takes for the sound of the starter's pistol to reach the runners' ears, and the time it takes to react to it.

Runners lining up to start the race in Osaka

For many years a sprinter was disqualified if responsible for two false starts individually. However, this rule allowed some major races to be restarted so many times that the sprinters started to lose focus. The current rule, introduced in February 2003, is that, after one false start, anyone responsible for a subsequent false start is disqualified immediately. This rule has led to some sprinters deliberately false-starting to gain a psychological advantage: an individual with a slower reaction time might false-start, forcing the faster starters to wait and be sure of hearing the gun for the subsequent start, thereby losing some of their advantage. In order to avoid such abuse, the IAAF will implement a change to the rule from the 2010 season, so that the first false starting athlete is immediately disqualified.This proposal was met with objections when first raised in 2005, on the grounds that it would not leave any room for innocent mistakes. Justin Gatlin commented, "Just a flinch or a leg cramp could cost you a year's worth of work.

FINISH

The winner is determined by the first athlete with his or her torso (not including limbs, head, or neck) over the nearer edge of the finish line.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Climatic conditions are a crucial factor for good performances in the 100 m. Air resistance is the primary climatic factor in sprint performances. A strong head wind is very detrimental to performance, while a tail wind can improve performances significantly. For this reason, a maximum tail wind of 2.0 m/s is allowed for a 100 m performance to be considered eligible for records, or "wind legal".

Furthermore, sprint athletes perform better at high altitudes because of the thinner air, which provides less air resistance. In theory, the thinner air would also make breathing slightly more difficult (due to the partial pressure of oxygen being lower), but this difference is negligible for sprint distances where all the oxygen needed for the short dash is already in the muscles and bloodstream when the race starts. While there are no limitations on altitude, performances made at altitudes greater than 1000 m above sea level are marked with an "A".

FASTEST 100 METRES RUNNER

Top fourteen all-time athletes—men

(Updated 08 August 2010)

Rank	Fastest time	Wind (m/s)	Athlete	Country	Date	Location
1	9.58	+0.9	Usain Bolt	Jamaica	16 August 2009	Berlin
2	9.69	+2.0	Tyson Gay	United States	20 September 2009	Shanghai
3	9.72	+0.2	Asafa Powell	Jamaica	2 September 2008	Lausanne
4	9.79	+0.1	Maurice Greene	United States	16 June 1999	Athens
5	9.84	+0.7	Donovan Bailey	Canada	27 July 1996	Atlanta
		+0.2	Bruny Surin	Canada	22 August 1999	Seville
7	9.85	+1.2	Leroy Burrell	United States	6 July 1994	Lausanne
		+0.6	Justin Gatlin	United States	22 August 2004	Athens
		+1.7	Olusoji Fasuba	Nigeria	12 May 2006	Doha
10	9.86	+1.2	Carl Lewis	United States	25 August 1991	Tokyo
		−0.4	Frankie Fredericks	Namibia	3 July 1996	Lausanne
		+1.8	Ato Boldon	Trinidad and Tobago	19 April 1998	Walnut
		+0.6	Francis Obikwelu	Portugal	22 August 2004	Athens
		+1.0	Nesta Carter	Jamaica	08 August 2010	Lucerne

Notes

• Tyson Gay also has a time of 9.68 s set on 29 June 2008 during the 2008 U.S. Olympic Track & Field Trials at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon; the tail wind speed was 4.1 m/s, more than double the IAAF legal limit.^[9]
• Obadele Thompson ran a wind-aided 9.69 in El Paso, Texas in April 1996 which stood as the fastest ever 100m time for 12 years until Tyson Gay's June 2008 performance
• Justin Gatlin ran 9.77 in Doha on 12 May 2006, which was at the time ratified as a world record. However, the performance was annulled in 2007 after he failed a doping test in April 2006.
• Carl Lewis ran a time of 9.78 seconds at the 1988 US olympic trials in Indianapolis but it was wind aided.
• Tim Montgomery's time (9.78 at Paris on 14 September 2002) was invalidated following his indictment in the BALCO scandal on drug use and drug trafficking charges. The time had stood as the world record until Asafa Powell first ran 9.77.
• Ben Johnson ran 9.79 at Seoul on 24 September 1988, but he was disqualified after he tested positive for stanozolol after the race. He subsequently admitted to drug use between 1981 and 1988, and his time of 9.83 at Rome on 30 August 1987 was invalidated. Carl Lewis's 9.92 in the Seoul race was therefore recognized as the world record, and his two prior runs of 9.93 were seen as having equalled the previous world record.
• Ato Boldon has recorded 9.86 seconds on four occasions: the one detailed here is the first.

Top ten all-time athletes—women

(Updated 20 September 2009)

Christine Arron (left) wins the 100 m at the Weltklasse meeting.

Rank	Fastest time	Wind (m/s)	Athlete	Nation	Date	Location
1	10.49	0.0	Florence Griffith-Joyner	United States	16 July 1988	Indianapolis
2	10.64	+1.2	Carmelita Jeter	United States	20 September 2009	Shanghai
3	10.65 [A]	+1.1	Marion Jones	United States	12 September 1998	Johannesburg
4	10.73	+0.1	Shelly-Ann Fraser	Jamaica	17 August 2009	Berlin
		+2.0	Christine Arron	France	19 August 1998	Budapest
6	10.74	+1.3	Merlene Ottey	Jamaica	7 September 1996	Milan
7	10.75	+0.4	Kerron Stewart	Jamaica	10 July 2009	Rome
8	10.76	+1.7	Evelyn Ashford	United States	22 August 1984	Zürich
9	10.77	+0.9	Irina Privalova	Russia	6 July 1994	Lausanne
		+0.7	Ivet Lalova	Bulgaria	19 June 2004	Plovdiv

Note

• Florence Griffith-Joyner's World Record has been the subject of a controversy due to strong suspicion of a defective anemometer measuring a tailwind lower than actually present; since 1997 the International Athletics Annual of the Association of Track and Field Statisticians has listed this performance as "probably strongly wind assisted, but recognised as a world record".
• Marion Jones later confessed to using performance enhancing drugs in setting her 100m time.

Area records

(Updated 21 September 2009)

Area	Men's			Women's
	Time	Athlete	Nation	Time	Athlete	Nation
Africa (records)	9.85	Olusoji Fasuba	Nigeria	10.90	Glory Alozie	Nigeria
Asia (records)	9.99	Samuel Francis	Qatar	10.79	Li Xuemei	China
Europe (records)	9.86	Francis Obikwelu	Portugal	10.73	Christine Arron	France
North, Central America and Caribbean (records)	9.58 WR	Usain Bolt	Jamaica	10.49 WR	Florence Griffith-Joyner	United States
Oceania (records)	9.93	Patrick Johnson	Australia	11.12[A]	Melinda Gainsford-Taylor	Australia
South America (records)	10.00[A]	Robson da Silva	Brazil	11.17[A]	Lucimar Aparecida de Moura	Brazil

Notes

• ^A Represents a time set at a high altitude.
• ^WR World Record